Classical Period: Use of Hot Tubs, Spas and Saunas


History of Hydrotherapy Earliest Use of the Hot Tub Introduction to Modern Hydrotherapy Understanding the properties and characteristics of water Archimedes Principle Bougier's Theorem Bernoulli's Theorem Reynolds' Theorem Prantiti's Theorem Fronde-zahm's Experiments Pascal's Law Development of the human being against gravity: Bronze Age: Use of Hot Tubs, Spas and Saunas Bronze Age: Use of Hot tubs and Spas in the Mediterranean Bronze Age: Use of Hot Tubs, Saunas and Spas in Asia Classical Period: Use of Hot Tubs, Spas and Saunas Early Asian Baths Classical Period: Evolution of Asian Hot Tub Construction Classical Period: Use of Spas, Saunas and Hot Tubs in the Middle East Classical Period: Use of Spas, Saunas and Hot Tubs in Meso-America In Depth: Roman Hot Tub and Spa Construction During the Classical Period The Baths of Caracalla Construction of the Baths at Caracalla: Basic Design Construction of the Baths at Caracalla: Materials Construction of the Baths: Metals Classical Period: Use of Spas, Saunas and Hot Tubs in Scandinavia The origin of sauna Middle Ages Middle Ages: Use of Spas, Saunas and Hot Tubs Middle Ages: Use of Spas, Saunas and Hot Tubs in Scandinavia Middle Ages: Use of Spas, Saunas and Hot Tubs in Japan Middle Ages: Hot Tub Culture Middle Ages: Hot tub and Spa Culture in Asia Middle Ages: Hot tub and Spa Culture in Scandinavia Renaissance Period Renaissance Period: Use of Hot Tubs, Spas and Saunas Renaissance Period: Use of Hot Tubs, Spas and Saunas in France Renaissance Period: Hot tub and Spa Culture in Asia Industrial Age Industrial Age: American Use of Hot Tubs, Spas and Saunas Modern Age Modern Hot Tubs, Spas and Saunas Modern Hot Tub, Spa and Sauna Culture: Asia Modern Sauna Culture in Scandanavia Conclusion Sources Health & Beauty Benefits of Exercise in Water Application and Benefits of Hydrotherapy Hydrotherapy in Neuropatients Hydrotherapy for the Treatment of Rheumatic Diseases Hydrotherapy for the Treatment of Inflammatory Arthritis Muscle Weakness - Strength Training Poor Balance Poor Posture Decreased Cardiovascular Fitness Progressive Hydrotherapy Exercise Hydrotherapy gait reeducation treatment plan Wrist and Hand Joints Pelvis Knee reconstruction Cervical Spine Injury Lumbar Spine Injury Spinal Fractures Disc Pathology Musculo-Tendinous Injuries Hydrotherapy in the Rehabilitation of Lower Limb Stress Fractures Hydrotherapy for Treatment of the Lumbopelvic Complex Chronic pain - Pain and Muscle Spasm Oedema Decreased range of movement Head Injury Epilepsy Burns Pediatric Hydrotherapy Head control Breathing control Relaxation through Hydrotherapy Juvenile Chronic Arthritis Hydrotherapy for the Clumsy Child Conclusion		Classical Period: Use of Hot Tubs, Spas and Saunas In Roman civilization, the establishment of thermal baths represented an important advance in the social process in addition to constituting a major source of health and relaxation. The word thermae, which means ‘warm’ in Greek, comes from the Greek culture and represents the concept of the arena. Yet, the term was utilized by the Romans to signify the place where tribute was paid to the body by purifying it in baths that alternated between cold and hot. Public baths constituted a meeting place and a place of entertainment, and soon became an important public institution. These structures contained rest rooms, exercise rooms, gardens, libraries and museums. Thermal baths came into being as public buildings where, in principle, there did not exist any formal prohibition barring men and women from bathing together. Eventually in some areas, the occurrence of numerous scandals irritated the authorities to the point where they decided to segregate the sexes in the public baths by providing separate facilities or times for patronage. Gradually, society began to draw distinctions between balneae (public baths) and balnea (private baths). More wealthy families had a hot tub at home. Yet many of them preferred to continue visiting public baths in order to enjoy massages by experts, and perfume themselves with balsam imported from the ends of the Empire. A circular stone tub discovered beneath the rotunda of a public bath at Pompeii. This building is typical of Rome’s influence on the daily living habits of citizens throughout the empire. Citizens could be found discussing commerce, politics, literature, and current events in large public baths, usually as they attended to the personal hygiene that was so crucial, since large numbers of people are clustered in urban environments. The roads leading to Rome led to a city of enthusiastic bathers. The Eternal City could boast of bringing into the metropolis 300 gallons of water per person per day (more water than some major cities provide each citizen today) and, near the end of her glory 144 public latrines. These enormous quantities of water descended on the city through its world-famous aqueducts. In 52 AD, the length of the main aqueducts in Rome totaled some 220 miles, of which only about 30 ran above ground. Fourth century Rome had eleven pubic baths, 1352 fountains and cisterns, and 856 private baths. In London at this moment of time, only 51 gallons per head art used, of which 34 are for domestic use. The Baths of Diocletian are said to have held 3,200 people at a time. The vestibule alone was big enough to be converted subsequently by Michelangelo into the splendid church of St Maria degli Angdi. It was opulent, enormous and beautiful. Wherever the Romans colonized, which was a considerable part of Europe and Asia Minor, they built their marvelous public baths and although they built comparatively few private baths in towns, because of the adequate public amenities, they certainly built a number of private baths with complete plumbing systems in the home country. Fittings were of bronze, spouts usually taking the form of animals’ heads, though dolphins were popular even then. It is a somber thought that although the Roman occupation of Britain occurred over a period of well over 300 years, almost every civilized custom and habit of living was ignored and effaced within a frighteningly short time. For almost a thousand years after the Roman legions marched away, there was hardly a tap to turn in Europe, and the dark ages were dark indeed.